Bravehearts NCERT Class 7 Poorvi Free Notes and Mind Map (Free PDF Download)

A Homage to Our Brave Soldiers

Introduction to the Lesson

• The lesson is about paying respect to Indian soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country.
• It includes letters between two friends, Soumya and Ananda, sharing their feelings about soldiers.
• Soumya describes her visit to the National War Memorial in New Delhi, which left a deep impact on her.
• The lesson highlights the importance of remembering soldiers’ sacrifices for India’s freedom and security.
• It also includes a poem, My Dear Soldiers, and a story about Rani Abbakka, a brave queen.

National War Memorial

• Overview
  • The National War Memorial is a tribute to Indian soldiers who died in wars after 1947.
  • It was built from April 2018 to February 2019 and inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  • The memorial is spread over 40 acres near India Gate in New Delhi.
  • It symbolizes the patriotism and courage of Indian Armed Forces personnel.
• Purpose
  • The memorial honors soldiers who fought in wars like the Indo-China Conflict (1962), Indo-Pak Wars (1965, 1971), and Kargil War (1999).
  • It reminds people of the cost of freedom and the horrors of war.
  • Each brick, called a tablet, has the name of a fallen soldier, with over 26,000 names etched on 29,000 tablets.
• Structure
  • The memorial has four concentric circles: Amar Chakra, Veerta Chakra, Tyag Chakra, and Raksha Chakra.
  • A 15-meter-tall obelisk with the eternal flame, Amar Jawan Jyoti, stands at the center.
  • The Amar Jawan Jyoti, earlier at India Gate, was merged with the new flame in 2019 to honor fallen heroes.
  • The flame burns day and night, symbolizing the eternal spirit of soldiers.
• Circles of the Memorial
  • Amar Chakra (Circle of Immortality): Has the obelisk and eternal flame, showing soldiers’ sacrifices are never forgotten.
  • Veerta Chakra (Circle of Bravery): Contains a gallery with six bronze murals showing brave actions of the Armed Forces.
  • Tyag Chakra (Circle of Sacrifice): Has granite walls with soldiers’ names, designed like the ancient Chakravyuh formation.
  • Raksha Chakra (Circle of Protection): Features rows of trees symbolizing soldiers protecting the nation.
• Amar Jawan Jyoti
  • The eternal flame commemorates soldiers’ sacrifices, burning continuously.
  • It was first lit in 1972 at India Gate to mark India’s victory in the 1971 Indo-Pak War.
  • The new flame at the memorial is surrounded by wreaths, showing respect for soldiers.
  • The lighting design changes from dawn to dusk, making the memorial visually appealing.

Gallantry Awards

• Param Vir Chakra (PVC)
  • It is India’s highest wartime gallantry award for exceptional courage.
  • 21 soldiers have received the PVC, many posthumously, for actions in wars since 1947.
  • Major Somnath Sharma was the first to receive it in 1947 for the Battle of Badgam.
  • Other PVC recipients include Lance Naik Albert Ekka, Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal, and Major Hoshiar Singh (1971 war).
• Other Awards
  • Maha Vir Chakra (MVC): Given for great courage, like to Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla.
  • Kirti Chakra (KC), Vir Chakra (VrC), and Shaurya Chakra (SC): Awarded for bravery in various operations.
  • These awards recognize the sacrifices and valor of soldiers in protecting India.

Stories of Bravehearts

• Lance Naik Albert Ekka (PVC)
  • He was part of the 14 Guards during the 1971 Indo-Pak War at Gangasagar.
  • Ekka silenced an enemy Light Machine Gun by charging a bunker and bayoneting two soldiers, despite being wounded.
  • He later crawled to a building, threw a grenade, and silenced a Medium Machine Gun, saving his company.
  • Despite severe injuries, he fought until the objective was captured but died afterward.
  • His actions showed selfless courage and determination, earning him the PVC posthumously.
• Major Padmapani Acharya (MVC)
  • He was a Company Commander in the 2 Rajputana Rifles during the 1999 Kargil War.
  • On 28 June 1999, he led his platoon to capture a heavily fortified enemy position under artillery fire.
  • Despite heavy casualties and personal injuries, he charged the enemy, lobbed grenades, and kept fighting.
  • He ordered his men to attack while he fired, ensuring the position was captured, but succumbed to injuries.
  • His letter to his father, quoting the Bhagavad Gita, showed his fearless spirit and dedication.
• Captain Anuj Nayyar (MVC)
  • He was an officer in the 17 Jat Regiment during the 1999 Kargil War.
  • He was posthumously awarded the MVC for his bravery in battle.
  • His mother, Meena Nayyar, wrote a memoir, Tiger of Drass, to share his story of sacrifice.
  • The memoir ensures his courage is remembered by future generations.

Soumya’s Experience

• Visit to the Memorial
  • Soumya visited the National War Memorial during a school trip to New Delhi.
  • She learned about the wars India fought after 1947 and the soldiers’ sacrifices.
  • The visit was emotional, bringing tears as she realized the devastation of wars.
  • She felt pride, gratitude, and inspiration seeing the memorial’s design and tablets.
• Impact
  • The memorial’s majestic setting, with lawns and grand buildings, created a solemn atmosphere.
  • The eternal flame and soldiers’ names made her feel connected to their stories.
  • She was motivated to live a life worthy of their sacrifices and aspires to join the army.
  • Her class decided to make presentations on soldiers’ stories to share with the school.

Ananda’s Response

• Feelings
  • Ananda was thrilled to read Soumya’s detailed letter about the National War Memorial.
  • He felt motivated to join the Armed Forces to serve India, inspired by the soldiers’ sacrifices.
  • He sees war memorials as expressions of gratitude for soldiers defending India’s sovereignty.
• Personal Experience
  • Ananda visited a war memorial in Chandigarh’s Bougainvillea Garden, where people offered flowers.
  • The visit reminded him of the poem Pushp ki Abhilasha, about a flower wishing to honor soldiers.
  • He shared the poem to express his respect for soldiers’ sacrifices.
• Actions Inspired
  • Ananda plans to visit the National War Memorial with friends to learn more about soldiers.
  • He found the National War Memorial and Museum app, which provides information in 21 languages.
  • He will share Soumya’s idea of presentations with his classmates and teacher.
  • He wants to create a collage capturing inspiring stories of brave people.
  • He is motivated to join the Armed Forces to serve the nation.
  • He shared the website (mygov.in) to spread awareness about the memorial.

Let us discuss

• I Complete the table
  • Name: Major Somnath Sharma
    • Contribution: Fought bravely in the Battle of Badgam in 1947.
    • Achievement: Showed exceptional courage, saving his unit.
    • Award: First Param Vir Chakra, awarded posthumously.
  • Name: Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla
    • Contribution: Led with courage in the 1971 Indo-Pak War as a Navy officer.
    • Achievement: Displayed exemplary leadership under enemy fire.
    • Award: Maha Vir Chakra, awarded posthumously.
  • Name: Lance Naik Albert Ekka
    • Contribution: Silenced enemy machine guns in the 1971 war at Gangasagar.
    • Achievement: Saved his company by fighting despite severe injuries.
    • Award: Param Vir Chakra, awarded posthumously.
  • Name: Major Padmapani Acharya
    • Contribution: Led his platoon to capture an enemy position in the 1999 Kargil War.
    • Achievement: Charged the enemy despite injuries, ensuring victory.
    • Award: Maha Vir Chakra, awarded posthumously.
• II Find the paragraph(s) and sentences
  • Feeling of wonder: “The lighting design is planned in such a way that it transforms the monument’s landscape as sunlight changes from dawn to dusk.” (Shows awe at the memorial’s beauty.)
  • Heartening: “It was heartening to know that our government has recognised the sacrifice of brave soldiers.” (Feels uplifting that soldiers are honored.)
  • Sense of motivation: “It motivated me to live a life worthy of the sacrifices of our heroes.” (Inspires Soumya to act meaningfully.)
  • Pride: “It truly is a majestic site that filled me with pride for our nation.” (Reflects national pride at the memorial.)
  • Visually inspiring: “The overall environment created an emotive experience that was visually inspiring.” (Describes the memorial’s striking appearance.)
  • Sadness: “I learnt a lot, but I also have to admit that the various discourses during the day brought tears to my eyes.” (Shows sorrow for war’s losses.)
  • Gratitude: “In my view, it is also an expression of deep gratitude for the supreme sacrifice made by our brave soldiers.” (Ananda’s thanks for soldiers’ sacrifices.)
  • Inspiration: “We were awestruck and humbled by his bravery. I aspire to be courageous like him when I join the army!” (Ekka’s story inspires Soumya.)
• III Which is India’s highest gallantry award?
  • India’s highest gallantry award is the Param Vir Chakra (PVC).
  • It is given for exceptional courage during wartime, often posthumously.
  • Examples include Major Somnath Sharma and Lance Naik Albert Ekka.
• IV How would Ananda feel after reading this letter?
  • Ananda would feel inspired and motivated to serve India, possibly by joining the Armed Forces.
  • He would be grateful for the soldiers’ sacrifices that ensure his freedom.
  • He would feel excited to learn more about the National War Memorial and its stories.
  • He would be happy to receive Soumya’s letter, especially with the stamp for his collection.
  • He would feel a sense of pride in India’s brave soldiers and their legacy.
• V Do you think Soumya enjoyed writing this letter? Why or why not?
  • Yes, Soumya enjoyed writing the letter because she was excited to share her inspiring experience.
  • She wrote a long letter, showing her enthusiasm for the memorial and its stories.
  • The visit left a deep impact, and she wanted Ananda to feel the same pride and gratitude.
  • Her detailed descriptions and emotional reflections suggest she found joy in expressing her thoughts.
• I Why was Ananda reminded of the poem ‘Pushp ki Abhilasha’?
  • Ananda was reminded of Pushp ki Abhilasha because he saw people offering flowers at the Chandigarh war memorial.
  • The poem describes a flower wishing to be placed on a soldier’s path, symbolizing respect.
  • The act of offering flowers mirrored the poem’s theme of honoring soldiers’ sacrifices.
  • It connected to his feelings of gratitude for soldiers defending the nation.
• II How does Soumya’s letter help Ananda in pursuing her hobby?
  • Soumya’s letter helps Ananda’s stamp-collecting hobby (philately) by including a beautiful stamp.
  • The stamp celebrates India’s independence, aligning with the letter’s theme of soldiers’ sacrifices.
  • Ananda enjoys receiving her letters partly because of the unique stamps on the envelopes.
  • This adds to his collection, making the letter special beyond its content.
• III Ananda is inspired to act after reading the letter from Soumya
  • Visit: “We all wish to visit the National War Memorial, Delhi.” (Plans to visit with friends.)
  • Mobile app: “We have found out a mobile app ‘National War Memorial and Museum’.” (Uses the app to learn more.)
  • Sharing ideas: “Next week, I am going to share this idea with my classmates and my teacher.” (Shares presentation idea.)
  • Creating a collage: “I think it would be great to create a collage capturing the lives and stories of people that can inspire us.” (Plans a collage project.)
  • Joining the army: “I feel motivated and I am seriously thinking of joining the Armed Forces.” (Inspired to serve India.)
  • Website: “Here is the website link for National War Memorial https://www.mygov.in.” (Shares website to spread awareness.)

Let us think and reflect

• I Read the extracts
  • 1. You can see the obelisk…
    • (i) Complete the analogy: Flame: valour:: wreath: respect. (Wreaths symbolize respect, like flames symbolize courage.)
    • (ii) How does the lighting design make the monument visually appealing?
      • The lighting design changes with sunlight from dawn to dusk, transforming the monument’s landscape.
      • It highlights the obelisk and wreaths, creating a majestic and emotional atmosphere.
      • The shifting light makes the memorial look dynamic and beautiful throughout the day.
    • (iii) State whether the following sentence is a fact or an opinion: “It truly is a majestic site…” is an opinion.
      • It reflects Soumya’s personal feeling about the memorial’s beauty, not a verifiable fact.
      • The word “majestic” shows her subjective admiration.
    • (iv) What does the everlasting flame suggest?
      • The everlasting flame suggests the eternal courage and sacrifices of soldiers.
      • It shows their spirit lives on, never forgotten by the nation.
      • It symbolizes unending respect and gratitude for their service.
    • (v) Choose the correct option for the tone
      • The tone is C. admiring.
      • Soumya admires the memorial’s design, flame, and the soldiers’ valor.
      • Words like “majestic” and “pride” show her awe and respect.
  • 2. I was happy to hear…
    • (i) Choose a line showing Ananda was aware
      • “I have heard a lot about it.” (Shows Ananda knew about the National War Memorial.)
    • (ii) What might be the most likely reason for people to consider a war memorial as a monument?
      • People see it as a monument because it is a physical structure like a statue or edifice.
      • They focus on its role in celebrating victories or commemorating the fallen.
      • They may not fully grasp its deeper meaning of gratitude for sacrifices.
    • (iii) Fill in the blank
      • We conduct special competitions at school to commemorate our Independence day.
      • The word “commemorate” fits as it means to honor or remember officially.
    • (iv) Select a phrase showing Ananda is expressing an opinion
      • “In my view, it is also an expression of deep gratitude…” (Shows Ananda’s personal perspective.)
    • (v) Complete the sentence
      • Ananda refers to the sacrifice as ‘supreme’ because soldiers give their lives for India’s sovereignty.
      • Their ultimate sacrifice ensures the nation’s freedom and safety.
      • It is supreme as it involves the highest cost—life itself.
• II Answer the following questions
  • 1. What is the significance of the National War Memorial?
    • The National War Memorial honors soldiers who died in wars since 1947, like the Kargil War.
    • It has 26,000 names on tablets, ensuring their sacrifices are remembered.
    • The eternal flame and Chakras symbolize immortality, bravery, sacrifice, and protection.
    • It reminds people of the cost of freedom and inspires gratitude for the Armed Forces.
  • 2. Lance Naik Albert Ekka is an example of selflessness, determination, and exceptional courage. Elaborate.
    • Selflessness: Ekka risked his life to silence enemy guns, saving his company despite injuries.
    • Determination: He fought through severe wounds, clearing bunkers until the objective was secured.
    • Courage: He charged bunkers under heavy fire and climbed a wall to stop a machine gun.
    • His actions in the 1971 war at Gangasagar earned him the PVC posthumously.
  • 3. Explain how the National War Memorial and Museum app will be helpful in spreading awareness about war heroes.
    • The app provides information about war heroes in 21 languages, making it accessible to many.
    • It includes details about the memorial’s murals and soldiers’ stories, educating users.
    • Its interactive features engage users, encouraging them to learn about sacrifices.
    • It helps spread awareness by allowing people to explore the memorial virtually.
  • 4. Why is it our duty to pay homage to our brave soldiers?
    • Soldiers sacrifice their lives to protect India’s freedom and security, deserving our respect.
    • Paying homage keeps their memory alive and honors their selfless service.
    • It reminds us of the cost of peace and inspires us to value our nation.
    • Visiting memorials and sharing their stories ensures future generations remember them.
  • 5. What is the main idea of this text? How does it justify the title, ‘A Homage to our Brave Soldiers’?
    • Main Idea: The text celebrates the courage and sacrifices of Indian soldiers through stories, the National War Memorial, and personal reflections.
    • Justification: It pays homage by detailing soldiers’ bravery (e.g., Ekka, Acharya), describing the memorial’s tribute, and expressing gratitude through Soumya and Ananda’s letters.
    • The title fits as the text honors soldiers’ contributions to India’s freedom and security.
  • 6. Why were the students awestruck and humbled? Explain in your own words.
    • The students were awestruck by Lance Naik Albert Ekka’s bravery in silencing enemy guns despite injuries.
    • His selfless actions in the 1971 war, risking his life for his company, amazed them.
    • They felt humbled by his courage, realizing their own challenges were small compared to his sacrifice.
    • His story inspired them to value soldiers’ dedication and aspire to be courageous.

Let us learn

• Prefixes
  • Prefixes like dis-, in-, im-, un- change the meaning of root words (e.g., disregard, immortal).
  • Table Matching:
    • re- (again): reactivate (root: activate).
    • mal- (badly): malfunctioning (root: functioning).
    • un- (not): unquestionable (root: questionable).
    • anti- (against): antiservice (root: service).
    • extra- (beyond): extraordinary (root: ordinary).
    • ex- (former): exdefine (root: define).
    • de- (remove): dedefine (root: define).
  • Paragraph:
    • Soldiers undergo (i) extraordinary training to prepare for their challenging duties.
    • They learn to (ii) deactivate explosives and handle (iii) malfunctioning equipment with precision.
    • They stand as a powerful force against (iv) antiservice elements, displaying (v) unquestionable bravery.
    • (vi) Exdefine members often share their experiences to inspire new recruits.
    • Their service can continually (vii) reactivate the essence of commitment and sacrifice.
• Words Associated with ‘Brave’
  • Words include courageous, valiant, heroic, fearless, bold.
  • These describe qualities of soldiers like Ekka and Acharya.
• Opposite Words of ‘Brave’
  • Cowardly: Ajay’s refusal to stand up for his friend was disappointing to everyone.
  • Timid: The child hid behind his mother, too timid to meet the new teacher.
  • Fearful: Anjali’s fearfulness of heights prevented her from climbing the tall ladder.
  • Afraid: Sushma felt afraid as she entered the dark, abandoned building.
• Main and Subordinate Clauses
  • Sentence Division:
    • Sentence 1: Main: I aspire to be courageous like him. Subordinate: when I join the army.
    • Sentence 2: Main: They exchange letters. Subordinate: and share their feelings of gratitude for the freedom they enjoy because of the sacrifices made by the bravehearts.
    • Sentence 3: Main: he continued to fight alongside his comrades. Subordinate: Though seriously wounded in this encounter.
    • Sentence 4: Main: The sacrifices of the soldiers make monuments like the National War Memorial extremely important. Subordinate: so that we should never forget the cost of freedom.
• Subordinating Conjunctions
  • Wasi burst into tears when he heard the good news.
  • Himani was very nervous, though she delivered a great presentation.
  • This is the place where I was born.
  • The students performed very well because they studied diligently.
  • Water the plants unless they will die.
• Complete Sentences
  • Farheen was late to work because she missed the bus.
  • The dog started barking when someone knocked on the door.
  • She completed the marathon although she was injured.
  • They saw a beautiful sunset while they were hiking in the mountains.
  • Abhishek received a promotion after working hard for years.
  • They prepared thoroughly before the deadline approached.
  • We waited in the car until the rain stopped.
  • The beach looked magical as the waves rushed to the shore.

Let us listen

• Gunjan’s Speech
  • 1. What type of job does Gunjan think the Armed Forces is?
    • Honourable job.
  • 2. What feature of the Armed Forces fills Gunjan with pride?
    • Wearing uniform.
  • 3. How does the disciplined life of the Armed Forces impact the body and mind, according to Gunjan?
    • Keeps active.
  • 4. List any one aspect about a job in the Armed Forces that Gunjan feels helps someone grow.
    • New experiences.
  • 5. State any two things that Gunjan feels life in the Armed Forces teaches.
    • Loyalty, duty.

Let us write

• Letter About Armed Forces in Peacetime
  • The Armed Forces help during natural calamities like floods and earthquakes by rescuing people and providing aid.
  • They build infrastructure, such as bridges in remote areas, to improve connectivity.
  • They organize welfare initiatives like medical camps and libraries to support communities.
  • Their selfless service ensures safety and development even in peacetime.

My Dear Soldiers

Introduction to the Poem

• The poem My Dear Soldiers is by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, honoring Indian soldiers.
• It praises soldiers (men and women) for their dedication to protecting India’s borders.
• The poem describes their sacrifices in harsh conditions and terrains.
• It expresses gratitude and prayers for their well-being, calling them “great sons” of the land.

Stanza Analysis

• Stanza 1
  • Soldiers are called defenders of borders, vigilant even when others sleep.
  • They guard in windy, snowy, or hot conditions, showing unwavering commitment.
  • They tread lonely lands like yogis, symbolizing their disciplined and selfless nature.
• Stanza 2
  • Soldiers protect diverse terrains: mountains, valleys, deserts, marshes, seas, and air.
  • They give their youth to the nation, sacrificing personal dreams for duty.
  • Their efforts ensure India’s safety across all environments.
• Stanza 3
  • The wind chimes symbolize the nation’s respect for soldiers’ brave deeds.
  • The poet prays for their safety and blessings, showing gratitude.
  • The poem ends with a heartfelt wish for their well-being.

Themes

• Patriotism
  • Soldiers’ love for India drives them to protect its borders in all conditions.
  • Their sacrifices reflect deep devotion to the nation.
• Sacrifice
  • Soldiers give up their youth and comfort to ensure India’s safety.
  • They face harsh terrains and weather, risking their lives.
• Gratitude
  • The poet thanks soldiers for their service, praying for their safety.
  • The nation honors their feats, as symbolized by wind chimes.

Poetic Devices

• Imagery: Creates vivid pictures like “scorching sun’s sweltering rays” and “lonely expanses.”
• Simile: Compares soldiers to yogis, showing their disciplined, spiritual dedication.
• Metaphor: Wind chimes represent the nation’s respect for soldiers’ bravery.
• Repetition: “You” and “we” emphasize soldiers’ efforts and the nation’s gratitude.
• Alliteration: “Season or snowy” and “scorching sun” add rhythm and emphasis.

Let us discuss

• I Complete the summary
  • The poem is a tribute to the soldiers of the land who defend the borders of their country.
  • It highlights their untiring commitment and sacrifices as they guard the nation.
  • The soldiers remain vigilant, whether it’s windy, snowy, or scorchingly hot.
  • They walk on lonely stretches of land like the yogis.
  • Their duty takes them to different terrains, including mountains, valleys, deserts, and marshes.
  • The poet acknowledges that they have given a major part of their youth to protect the nation.
  • The poet says the wind chimes show their respect to the soldiers’ feats.
  • The poet concludes with prayers for their well-being and blessings.
• II Select the correct option
  • 1. The theme of the poem is
    • (i) patriotism and sacrifice.
    • The poem focuses on soldiers’ love for India and their sacrifices.
  • 2. The tone of the poem is
    • D. (i), (iii), (iv), and (v): admiring, respectful, grateful, prayerful.
    • The poet admires soldiers’ bravery, respects their service, expresses gratitude, and prays for them.
• III Complete the following sentences
  • Imagery: because it paints vivid pictures of soldiers guarding in harsh conditions like snowy days or deserts.
  • Simile: because the soldiers are likened to yogis, showing their disciplined and selfless nature.
  • Metaphor: because the poet uses wind chimes to symbolize the nation’s respect for soldiers’ feats.
  • Repetition: because “you” and “we” highlight soldiers’ efforts and the nation’s gratitude.
  • Alliteration: such as ‘season or snowy’ to create rhythm and emphasize harsh conditions.

Let us think and reflect

• I Read the extract
  • 1. Identify a set of opposite words
    • Asleep (people) and awake (soldiers).
  • 2. Complete the sentence
    • The phrase ‘still hold on to your deed’ refers to the soldier’s attitude of unwavering duty.
  • 3. Identify whether the following statement is true or false
    • True. The soldiers walk across deserted stretches of land (“lonely expanses”).
  • 4. Give evidence from the extract
    • Soldiers face harsh weather like “windy season,” “snowy days,” and “scorching sun’s sweltering rays.”
  • 5. Which quality of the soldiers is highlighted?
    • (iv) dedication.
    • Soldiers guard tirelessly, even in harsh conditions, showing commitment.
• II Answer the following questions
  • 1. Who is the speaker of this poem? How can you say so?
    • The speaker is A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, representing the grateful nation.
    • The use of “we” and “my land” shows he speaks for all Indians.
    • His prayer for soldiers reflects a collective voice of appreciation.
  • 2. How is the theme of the poem conveyed through imagery?
    • Imagery like “scorching sun” and “snowy days” shows soldiers’ hardships.
    • “Lonely expanses” and “climbing the heights” depict diverse terrains they protect.
    • These images highlight their sacrifice and patriotism vividly.
  • 3. How does the poet highlight the commitment of the soldiers?
    • Soldiers guard “all the time awake” despite harsh weather, showing dedication.
    • They give the “prime of their youth” to the nation, sacrificing personal lives.
    • They protect all terrains, from seas to deserts, ensuring safety.
  • 4. What is the significance of the line ‘Prime of your youth given to the nation!!’?
    • It shows soldiers sacrifice their youthful years for India’s safety.
    • They prioritize duty over personal dreams, reflecting selfless service.
    • The exclamation emphasizes the magnitude of their sacrifice.
  • 5. Why is it important for each one of us to pray for the wellbeing of soldiers?
    • Soldiers risk their lives to protect us, deserving our gratitude and prayers.
    • Praying supports their safety and morale in dangerous conditions.
    • It fosters a sense of unity and respect for their sacrifices.

Let us learn

• Terrains
  • Mentioned terrains: valleys, deserts, marshes, mountains.
  • Not mentioned: ghats, river, plateau, delta, bay, peninsula.
• Collocations
  • The hikers reached the peak of the mountain after several days of trekking.
  • The barren landscape of the desert made it nearly impossible to find water.
  • In the rainforest, the dense forest provides a habitat for diverse wildlife.
  • Chitra is a very adventurous person and enjoys mountain climbing.
  • I’ll try to get back in time, but I’m not making any promises.

Rani Abbakka

Introduction to the Story

• Rani Abbakka was a brave queen of Ullal who fought the Portuguese in the 16th century.
• She refused to pay tribute, asserting Ullal’s sovereignty, and led battles to protect her land.
• Her story is told through a comic-style narrative, showing her courage and leadership.
• She is remembered as a warrior who inspired others to resist foreign rule.

Story Summary

• Background
  • Ullal was a vassal state under Portuguese control, forced to pay tribute.
  • After her coronation, Rani Abbakka planned to free Ullal from Portuguese rule.
  • Her husband, Veera Narsimha of Bangadi, thought her decision was rash and risky.
• Defiance
  • A Portuguese envoy demanded overdue tribute, but Abbakka declared Ullal sovereign.
  • She allied with the Zamorin of Kozhikode and built merchant ships for trade with Arabia.
  • Her defiance angered the Portuguese, who planned to attack Ullal.
• Battles
  • Abbakka trained soldiers and sought support from local rajas, who doubted her success.
  • When the Portuguese attacked, her husband tried to stop her, but she led the fight.
  • She used guerrilla tactics, attacking Portuguese ships and forts at night.
  • After four days of battle, her forces defeated the Portuguese, who retreated.
• Legacy
  • Abbakka’s victory ensured the Portuguese never troubled Ullal again.
  • She died defending her motherland, remembered as a dauntless warrior.
  • Her courage inspired other rulers to resist foreign powers.

Themes

• Courage
  • Abbakka fearlessly fought the powerful Portuguese, leading battles herself.
  • She defied threats, showing boldness in protecting Ullal.
• Sovereignty
  • She refused to pay tribute, asserting Ullal’s independence.
  • Her actions established Ullal as a sovereign trading power.
• Leadership
  • Abbakka trained soldiers and rallied support, inspiring her people.
  • Her strategic attacks showed her as a capable and determined leader.

Let us discuss

• I Match the words
  • 1. vassal: (x) a country/state controlled by a more powerful country.
    2. coronation: (vi) a ceremony at which a person is made king or queen.
    3. successor: (xi) a person who succeeds another.
    4. rash: (iv) acting without thinking about the consequences.
    5. sovereign country: (ix) a country with a government having complete authority.
    6. league: (v) association or partnership.
    7. wrath: (i) extreme anger.
    8. seize: (ii) take hold of suddenly or forcibly.
    9. resolve: (xiv) determination.
    10. raged: (iii) happen in a violent way.
    11. decisive: (xiii) showing the ability to make decisions effectively.
    12. apprehended: (viii) capture.
    13. dauntless: (vii) fearless.
    14. avenge: (xii) take revenge for.
• II Complete the table
  • Cause 1: Ullal had been captured by the Portuguese.
    • Effect: Ullal had to pay a tribute to the colonial power.
  • Cause 2: Abbakka refused to pay tribute and declared Ullal sovereign.
    • Effect: Rani Abbakka’s husband Veera Narsimha felt it was a hasty decision.
  • Cause 3: Veera Narsimha ordered soldiers to stop Rani Abbakka.
    • Effect: Abbakka defied him and led her soldiers to fight the Portuguese.
  • Cause 4: Abbakka addressed rajas for support, who doubted her success.
    • Effect: She trained her soldiers and prepared for battle alone.
  • Cause 5: Abbakka’s forces attacked Portuguese ships and forts.
    • Effect: Rani Abbakka in turn attacked the Portuguese Fort.

Let us think and reflect

• I Read the extract
  • 1. What does the word ‘tribute’ mean in this context?
    • Tribute means a payment Ullal was forced to make to the Portuguese as a vassal state.
    • It symbolized submission to their colonial authority.
  • 2. Complete the sentence
    • Rani Abbakka says, “We are a sovereign country” because Ullal is independent and does not owe tribute to Portugal.
    • She believes Ullal has the right to govern itself without foreign control.
  • 3. Identify whether the following statement is true or false
    • True. The Portuguese envoy threatened Abbakka, saying she would regret her stand.
  • 4. Choose a word to replace ‘defied’
    • Disobeyed. She disobeyed the Portuguese by refusing tribute and trading with Arabia.
  • 5. Choose the option listing Abbakka’s qualities
    • C. (i) bold, (iii) capable, (v) determined.
    • She boldly refused tribute, capably built trade alliances, and was determined to fight.
• II Answer the following questions
  • 1. Rani Abbakka spoke to her mother on her deathbed. How might these words have made her mother feel?
    • Her mother would have felt proud of Abbakka’s resolve to fight for Ullal’s freedom.
    • She might have been worried about the dangers but relieved by her daughter’s courage.
    • The words likely gave her peace, knowing Ullal was in strong hands.
  • 2. What does the support of the people of Ullal and the soldiers for Rani Abbakka suggest about their mindset?
    • Their support shows they trusted Abbakka’s leadership and believed in her vision.
    • They were patriotic, willing to fight for Ullal’s sovereignty against a powerful enemy.
    • Their loyalty reflects a mindset of courage and unity under her command.
  • 3. How might the people of Ullal have felt when the mighty Portuguese were defeated?
    • They likely felt proud and joyful, seeing their queen defeat a strong enemy.
    • They would have been relieved, knowing Ullal was free from Portuguese control.
    • The victory probably boosted their confidence in Abbakka and their nation.
  • 4. Why do you think Rani Abbakka’s victory against the Portuguese would have inspired other rulers to go against a foreign power?
    • Her victory showed a small state could defeat a powerful colonial force.
    • It proved courage and strategy could overcome superior numbers, inspiring others.
    • Her success as a woman leader encouraged rulers to assert their sovereignty.

Let us learn

• Spelling (ei/ie)
  • 1. ceiling (after ‘c’, use ei).
    2. believe (i before e).
    3. thief (i before e).
    4. achieve (i before e).
    5. perceive (after ‘c’, use ei).
    6. protein (i before e).
    7. society (i before e).
    8. shield (i before e).
    9. weight (after ‘c’ or ‘w’, use ei).
    10. friend (i before e).
• Silent Letters
  • Words: doubt (b), knight (k), wrist (w), lamb (b), gnome (g).
  • These letters are written but not pronounced, like ‘w’ in wrath.
• Expressions with ‘Laugh’
  • Burst out laughing: She burst out laughing when her friend told a funny joke.
  • Don’t make me laugh: “You’ll finish the project today? Don’t make me laugh!”
  • Laugh until you cry: The comedy show was so hilarious, we laughed until we cried.
  • Have a good laugh: We had a good laugh remembering our school trip mishaps.
• Direct to Indirect Speech
  • 1. The teacher remarked that women of valour had made significant contributions throughout history.
  • 2. Smitha shared that she enjoyed reading historical novels.
  • 3. The captain told the coach that their team had won the championship the previous year.
  • 4. The class teacher requested them to turn off the lights when they left.
  • 5. Mother advised Ravi to finish the work before dinner.
  • 6. The vet instructed the pet owner to take the dog for a walk.
• Dialogue to Indirect Speech
  • The Captain remarked that they needed to focus on their strategy for the final match.
  • To which one of the players replied that he had some ideas on how they could improve their strategy.
  • The Captain advised the player to share those ideas with the team during practice.

Let us listen

• Rani Gaidinliu Bio-Table
  • Full Name: Rani Gaidinliu.
  • Date of Birth: 26 January 1915.
  • Place of Birth: Tamenglong district, Manipur.
  • Tribe: Rongmei (Kabui).
  • Age when joined the Heraka Movement: 13.
  • Main aim of Movement: Revival of Naga tribal religion and self-rule (Naga Raj).
  • Year of Arrest: 1932.
  • Age of Arrest: 16.
  • Sentence: Life imprisonment.
  • Years of Imprisonment: 1932-1947.
  • Title Given: ‘Daughter of the Hills’, ‘Rani’.
  • Award: Padma Bhushan, Birsa Munda.
  • Year of Death: 1993.
  • Honour in Silchar, Assam: Park and statue.
  • Postal Stamp Issued: 1996.
  • Commemorative Coin Issued: 2015.

Let us write

• Conversation Between Pratap and Tarana
  • Pratap: Tarana, I have a lot of respect for women like Rani Abbakka, who fought the Portuguese for Ullal’s freedom.
  • Tarana: I believe in the capabilities of women. Did you know Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian woman astronaut?
  • Pratap: Yes, her journey to space showed India’s strength in science. Women like her inspire us.
  • Tarana: Absolutely! Captain Lakshmi Sahgal led soldiers in the Indian National Army for independence.
  • Pratap: That’s amazing! Their courage shapes India as a strong nation, don’t you think?
  • Tarana: Definitely. Women like Jhalkari Bai fought in 1857, proving women are fearless leaders.
  • Pratap: I admire how these women broke barriers. It motivates us to support equality.
  • Tarana: Right! Their contributions make India proud and push us to achieve greatness.

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