The World of Metals and Non-metals Class 7 Curiosity Free Notes and Mind Map (Free PDF Download)

Yashwant and Anandi are two students from a village in Rajasthan who got a interesting school project. They had to go out and meet real people who make things from metals.

So they decided to visit local ironsmiths with their grandfather. Their grandfather was quite helpful because he knew many craftsmen in the village. During their visit, they met Sudarshan, an elderly ironsmith who has been working with metals for many years. Sudarshan showed them how he makes daily-use items that people need in their homes and farms.

What was really interesting was seeing how Sudarshan uses iron to craft different items. He makes flat pans for cooking, buckets for carrying water, tongs for handling hot things, and even farming tools that help farmers in their work. But iron alone is not enough – he also uses wood for making handles of tools, and coal to heat the iron in furnaces. This visit opened their eyes to the world of metals and how imp they are in our daily life.

Properties of Materials

When we study about different materials around us, we notice that they behave differently when we do certain things to them. Some materials can be beaten into thin sheets, some can be made into wires, some make sounds when hit, and some conduct heat or electricity. Let’s study these properties one by one.

Malleability

Malleability is a very imp property that tells us whether a material can be beaten into thin sheets or not. This is quite useful when we want to make flat things from materials.

What happens with metals:

Metals like copper, aluminium, and iron are malleable
When you hammer them, they flatten and become thin sheets
They don’t break or crack when beaten
Gold and silver are the most malleable metals you can find
Gold can be beaten into sheets so thin that you can almost see through them
Silver foil is used on sweets like barfi and peda
Aluminium foil is used for wrapping food items to keep them fresh

What happens with non-metals:

Non-metals like coal and sulphur are brittle
When you try to hammer them, they break into small pieces
They cannot be made into sheets no matter how hard you try
Wood is a bit different – it’s neither malleable nor brittle
Wood doesn’t flatten when hammered, but it also doesn’t break easily like coal

This property of malleability is why we can make utensils from metals but not from coal or sulphur.

Ductility

Ductility is another imp property that tells us whether a material can be drawn into wires or not. This property is very useful when we need to make long, thin wires from materials.

Metals and ductility:

Metals like copper and aluminium are ductile
This means they can be pulled and stretched into long, thin wires
Copper wires are used in electrical wiring in our homes
Aluminium wires are also used for electrical purposes
Gold is highly ductile – just one gram of gold can be made into a wire that is 2 kilometers long!
Metal wires are used in making ornaments and jewelry
Musical instruments like sitar and violin use metal wires to produce sound
Steel wires are made from iron and carbon and are very strong
These steel wires can support heavy loads in bridges and cranes

Non-metals and ductility:

Non-metals like coal and sulphur are not ductile at all
You cannot make wires from them no matter what you do
They will just break if you try to pull them

This is why all the wires we see around us are made from metals, not from non-metals.

Sonority

Sonority is the property of materials to produce a ringing sound when struck. Some materials make beautiful sounds when hit, while others make dull sounds.

Metals are sonorous:

When you hit metals like iron and copper, they produce a clear ringing sound
This ringing sound continues for some time after hitting
School bells are made from metals because of this sonorous property
Ghungroos used in classical dance are also made from metals
The beautiful sound they make is due to sonority
This property helps us identify metals easily

Non-metals are not sonorous:

When you hit non-metals like coal and wood, they produce dull sounds
These sounds don’t ring and stop immediately
There’s no musical quality in these sounds
This difference in sound helps us distinguish metals from non-metals

This property of sonority is why most musical instruments use metals for producing sound.

Conduction of Heat

Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material from one point to another. Some materials are good at conducting heat, while others are poor conductors.

Metals are good heat conductors:

Metals like aluminium and copper conduct heat very well
When you heat one end of a metal rod, the other end also becomes hot quickly
This is why metal vessels are used for cooking food
The heat from the stove easily passes through the metal to cook the food inside
Aluminium and steel utensils are popular because they conduct heat efficiently
Good heat conduction ensures that food cooks evenly and quickly

Non-metals are poor heat conductors:

Non-metals like wood are poor conductors of heat
When you heat one end of a wooden stick, the other end remains cool
This is why handles of cooking vessels are made of wood
Wood handles prevent heat from reaching our hands
Plastic is also a poor conductor, so some utensil handles are made of plastic too

This difference in heat conduction is very imp for making cooking utensils safe and efficient.

Conduction of Electricity

Materials that allow electricity to flow easily through them are called good conductors of electricity. This property is very imp for electrical work.

Metals conduct electricity well:

Metals like aluminium, iron, and copper are excellent conductors of electricity
Copper is especially good, which is why most electrical wires are made of copper
When electricity flows through metal wires, it faces very little resistance
This is why all the electrical circuits in our homes use metal wires
Without good conducting metals, we couldn’t have electrical appliances

Non-metals are poor electrical conductors:

Non-metals like sulphur, coal, and wood don’t conduct electricity well
They resist the flow of electricity through them
Plastic and rubber are also poor conductors
This property is actually useful for safety purposes
Screwdriver handles are made of plastic to protect electricians
Electricians wear rubber gloves to avoid electric shocks
These poor conductors act as insulators and keep us safe

Property	Metals	Non-metals
Malleability	Can be beaten into thin sheets	Break into pieces when hammered
Ductility	Can be drawn into wires	Cannot form wires
Sonority	Produce ringing sounds	Produce dull sounds
Heat Conduction	Good conductors	Poor conductors
Electrical Conduction	Good conductors	Poor conductors

Effect of Air and Water on Metals: Iron

Iron is a very common metal that we use in many things, but it has one big problem – it gets damaged when exposed to air and water together.

What is rusting:

When iron is kept in contact with moist air, it develops brown deposits
These brown deposits are called rust
Rusting happens only when iron touches both air and water at the same time
If there’s only dry air or only water, rusting doesn’t happen
Both air and water are needed together for rust to form

How rusting affects iron:

Rust makes iron weak and brittle
Rusted iron can break easily and becomes useless
This is a form of corrosion, which means gradual damage to metal surfaces
Rusting causes huge economic losses because rusted items need to be repaired or replaced
Cars, bridges, and buildings made of iron get damaged due to rusting

Rusting in other metals:

Corrosion doesn’t happen only to iron
Copper develops a green coating when exposed to air and moisture
Silver develops a black coating over time
These are also forms of corrosion, similar to rusting in iron

How to prevent rusting:

Painting iron surfaces creates a barrier between iron and air/water
Oiling iron tools prevents moisture from reaching the metal
Greasing is another way to protect iron from air and water
Galvanisation is a process where zinc coating is put on iron
All these methods work by preventing air and water from touching iron directly

Effect of Air and Water on Other Metals

Different metals react differently when they come in contact with air and water. Let’s study how some other metals behave.

Magnesium and air:

Magnesium is a metal that reacts with oxygen present in air
When magnesium burns in air, it forms magnesium oxide
Magnesium oxide appears as a white powder
This magnesium oxide is basic in nature
You can test this by putting it on red litmus paper – it turns the paper blue
This blue color shows that magnesium oxide is basic

Sodium and air/water:

Sodium is a very reactive metal
It reacts very vigorously with oxygen in air
When sodium comes in contact with water, it reacts so strongly that it produces heat
This reaction is so violent that sodium can even catch fire
Because of this dangerous reaction, sodium is always stored in kerosene
Kerosene prevents sodium from coming in contact with air and moisture
Like other metals, sodium also forms basic oxides when it reacts with oxygen

General behavior of metals:

Most metal oxides are basic in nature
This means they turn red litmus paper blue
This is a common property that helps identify metal oxides
Metal oxides generally don’t dissolve well in water

Substances that Behave Differently from Metals in Air and Water

While metals show certain patterns when they react with air and water, non-metals behave quite differently. Let’s study how non-metals react.

Sulphur and air:

Sulphur is a non-metal that burns in air
When sulphur burns, it forms sulphur dioxide gas
This gas has a strong, unpleasant smell
Sulphur dioxide dissolves easily in water
When it dissolves in water, it forms sulphurous acid
Sulphurous acid is acidic in nature
You can test this with blue litmus paper – it turns red
This red color shows that the solution is acidic

Sulphur and water:

Unlike some metals, sulphur doesn’t react with water directly
It remains unchanged when put in water
Only when sulphur dioxide (formed by burning sulphur) dissolves in water, does it form acid

Phosphorus and air:

Phosphorus is another non-metal that reacts with air
It catches fire very easily when exposed to air
Because of this dangerous property, phosphorus is stored under water
Water prevents phosphorus from coming in contact with air

General properties of non-metals:

Non-metals are usually soft and can be easily broken
They have a dull appearance, not shiny like metals
They are not malleable – they break when hammered
They are not ductile – they cannot be made into wires
They are not sonorous – they don’t make ringing sounds when hit
They are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Most imp difference: non-metal oxides are acidic, not basic like metal oxides

About elements:

Both metals and non-metals are called elements
Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Scientists have discovered 118 different elements so far
Some elements occur naturally on Earth
Some elements are made artificially in laboratories

Aspect	Metals	Non-metals
Reaction with air	Form basic oxides	Form acidic oxides
Oxide nature	Turn red litmus blue	Turn blue litmus red
Reaction with water	Some react vigorously	Most don’t react
Storage requirements	Some need special storage (like sodium)	Some need special storage (like phosphorus)

Are Non-metals Essential in Everyday Life?

Even though metals get a lot of attention because of their useful properties, non-metals are equally imp in our daily life. In fact, life would be impossible without non-metals.

Oxygen – the life supporter:

Oxygen is a non-metal that is absolutely essential for all living things
We breathe oxygen to stay alive
All animals need oxygen for respiration
Without oxygen, we cannot survive even for a few minutes
Plants also need oxygen, though they produce it during photosynthesis

Carbon – the building block of life:

Carbon is another very imp non-metal
It is present in all living things
Proteins in our body contain carbon
Fats and oils contain carbon
Carbohydrates like rice, wheat, and sugar contain carbon
Without carbon, life as we know it would not exist

Nitrogen for plant growth:

Nitrogen is a non-metal that plants need to grow healthy
Farmers use fertilizers that contain nitrogen compounds
These fertilizers help crops grow better and produce more food
Without nitrogen, plants become weak and don’t grow properly
This would lead to food shortage for humans and animals

Chlorine for water purification:

Chlorine is a non-metal used to make water safe for drinking
It kills harmful bacteria and germs in water
Most water treatment plants use chlorine to purify water
Without chlorine, many people would get sick from drinking dirty water

Iodine as antiseptic:

Iodine is a non-metal used in medicine
It is applied on wounds to prevent infection
Iodine kills germs and helps wounds heal faster
It’s commonly found in first aid kits

How non-metals complement metals:

While metals are good for making tools and utensils, non-metals are essential for life processes
Industries use both metals and non-metals to make products
Many products need both metals and non-metals to work properly
For example, electrical appliances use metal wires for conduction and plastic (made from non-metals) for insulation

In a Nutshell

After studying metals and non-metals, we can see clear differences between them:

Metals have these properties:

They are lustrous (shiny and bright)
They are malleable (can be beaten into sheets)
They are ductile (can be drawn into wires)
They are good conductors of heat and electricity
They produce ringing sounds when struck (sonorous)
They form basic oxides when they react with oxygen

Non-metals have these properties:

They are non-lustrous (dull appearance)
They are brittle (break when hammered)
They are non-ductile (cannot form wires)
They are poor conductors of heat and electricity
They don’t produce ringing sounds when hit
They form acidic oxides when they react with oxygen

Reactions with air and water:

Iron rusts when exposed to moist air, which is a form of corrosion
Many metals get damaged due to corrosion over time
Non-metals like sulphur don’t react with water but form acidic oxides with air
Different metals and non-metals have different levels of reactivity

Importance in daily life:

Both metals and non-metals are essential elements
They have wide applications in different areas of life
Metals are used for making tools, utensils, and technology
Non-metals are essential for life processes like breathing and growth
Modern life needs both metals and non-metals to function properly

Questions and Answers

1. Which metal is commonly used to make food packaging materials as it is cheaper, and its thin sheets can be folded easily into any shape?

Let’s think about what properties we need for food packaging. We need a metal that is cheap, can be made into thin sheets, and can be folded easily.

Aluminium is very malleable, which means it can be beaten into thin sheets
These thin sheets can be folded into any shape we want
Aluminium is much cheaper than gold and silver
It’s more suitable than copper or iron for packaging food
Aluminium foil is used everywhere for wrapping food items
It keeps food fresh and is easy to use

Answer: (i) Aluminium

2. Which of the following metal catches fire when it comes in contact with water?

This question is about the reactivity of metals with water. Let’s see which metals react with water:

Sodium reacts very vigorously with water
This reaction produces so much heat that sodium can catch fire
The reaction is so dangerous that sodium must be stored in kerosene
Copper, aluminium, and zinc don’t react with water in this violent way
They might react slowly or not at all, but they don’t catch fire

Answer: (iv) Sodium

3. State with reasons whether the following statements are True [T] or False [F].

(i) Aluminium and copper are examples of non-metals used for making utensils and statues.

This statement is wrong because:

Aluminium and copper are metals, not non-metals
Metals are used for making utensils because they conduct heat well
Metals are used for statues because they are malleable and have lustre
Non-metals like coal or sulphur cannot be used for making utensils or statues

Answer: False

(ii) Metals form oxides when combined with oxygen, the solution of which turns blue litmus paper to red.

This statement is wrong because:

Metals do form oxides when combined with oxygen – this part is correct
But metal oxides are basic in nature, not acidic
Basic solutions turn red litmus paper blue, not blue litmus paper red
It’s non-metal oxides that are acidic and turn blue litmus paper red

Answer: False

(iii) Oxygen is a non-metal essential for respiration.

This statement is correct because:

Oxygen is indeed a non-metal
All living organisms need oxygen for breathing
Without oxygen, we cannot survive
Respiration process requires oxygen to work

Answer: True

(iv) Copper vessels are used for boiling water because they are good conductors of electricity.

This statement is wrong because:

Copper vessels are used for boiling water, but not because of electrical conduction
They are used because copper is a good conductor of heat
Heat conduction is what makes copper vessels efficient for boiling water
Electrical conduction is not relevant for cooking purposes

Answer: False

4. Why are only a few metals suitable for making jewellery?

Making jewellery requires metals with very specific properties. Not all metals have these properties:

What jewellery needs:

The metal should be highly malleable so it can be shaped into intricate designs
It should be ductile so it can be made into thin wires for delicate work
It should have lustre to look beautiful and attractive
It should not get damaged easily over time

Why gold and silver are perfect:

Gold and silver are the most malleable and ductile metals
They can be shaped into very fine and detailed designs
They have natural lustre that makes them shine beautifully
They don’t rust or corrode like iron, so they maintain their shine for years
They are soft enough to work with but strong enough for regular use

Why other metals don’t work:

Iron rusts and loses its appearance over time
Sodium is too reactive and dangerous to handle
Copper can develop green coating and loses its shine
Aluminium is too soft and gets scratched easily

Answer: Only a few metals like gold and silver are suitable for jewellery because they have high malleability, ductility, lustre, and corrosion resistance, which allows making intricate, durable, and attractive designs.

5. Match the uses of metals and non-metals given in Column I with the jumbled names of metals and non-metals given in Column II.

First, let’s unscramble the names in Column II:

(a) ENXYGO → OXYGEN
(b) NECOHIRL → CHLORINE
(c) PEPORC → COPPER
(d) TENGOINR → NITROGEN
(e) O G D L → GOLD

Now let’s match them with their uses:

(i) Used in electrical wiring: This needs a metal that conducts electricity very well. Copper is excellent for conducting electricity, so electrical wires are made of copper. Answer: (c) COPPER

(ii) Most malleable and ductile: Among all metals, gold can be beaten into the thinnest sheets and drawn into the longest wires. Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. Answer: (e) GOLD

(iii) Living organisms cannot survive without it: All living things need oxygen for breathing and respiration. Without oxygen, life is impossible. Answer: (a) OXYGEN

(iv) Plants grow healthy with fertilisers containing it: Plants need nitrogen for healthy growth. Farmers use nitrogen-containing fertilisers to help crops grow better. Answer: (d) NITROGEN

(v) Used in water purification: Chlorine is used to kill germs and bacteria in water, making it safe for drinking. Answer: (b) CHLORINE

6. What happens when oxygen reacts with magnesium and sulfur? What are the main differences in the nature of products formed?

When Magnesium reacts with Oxygen:

Magnesium burns in air with a bright white light
It forms magnesium oxide, which appears as a white powder
Magnesium oxide is basic in nature
When you test it with red litmus paper, it turns the paper blue
This shows that magnesium oxide is basic

When Sulphur reacts with Oxygen:

Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide gas
This gas has a strong, choking smell
Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulphurous acid
This acid is acidic in nature
When you test it with blue litmus paper, it turns the paper red

Main differences between the products:

Aspect	Magnesium Oxide	Sulphur Dioxide
Physical state	Solid powder	Gas
Nature	Basic	Forms acidic solution
Litmus test	Turns red litmus blue	Turns blue litmus red
Water solubility	Limited	Dissolves easily
Requirement for showing nature	Shows basic nature directly	Needs water to form acid

Answer: Magnesium forms basic magnesium oxide which is a solid, while sulphur forms sulphur dioxide gas which becomes acidic sulphurous acid when dissolved in water. Metal oxides are basic solids, while non-metal oxides are acidic and often gaseous.

7. Complete the following flow chart:

A typical flow chart comparing metals and non-metals would include:

METALS:

Lustre: Shiny and bright appearance
Malleability: Can be beaten into thin sheets
Ductility: Can be drawn into wires
Heat Conduction: Good conductors of heat
Electrical Conduction: Good conductors of electricity
Sonority: Produce ringing sounds when struck
Oxide Nature: Form basic oxides that turn red litmus blue

NON-METALS:

Lustre: Dull appearance, not shiny
Malleability: Brittle, break when hammered
Ductility: Non-ductile, cannot form wires
Heat Conduction: Poor conductors of heat
Electrical Conduction: Poor conductors of electricity
Sonority: Don’t produce ringing sounds
Oxide Nature: Form acidic oxides that turn blue litmus red

Answer: Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, sonorous, and form basic oxides. Non-metals are non-lustrous, brittle, non-ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, non-sonorous, and form acidic oxides.

8. You are provided with the following materials. Discuss which material would be your choice to make a pan that is most suitable for boiling water and why?

Given materials: Iron, copper, sulphur, coal, plastic, wood, cardboard

Let’s analyze each material:

Suitable materials:

Copper: This is an excellent choice because it conducts heat very well, can be shaped into pans (malleable), and is durable
Iron: This is also good as it conducts heat and is strong, but it can rust if not protected properly

Unsuitable materials:

Sulphur: This is brittle and breaks easily, conducts heat poorly, and can react to form harmful compounds
Coal: This is brittle, doesn’t conduct heat, and cannot be shaped into pans
Plastic: This melts when heated and conducts heat very poorly
Wood: This burns or gets charred when heated and conducts heat poorly
Cardboard: This catches fire easily and gets destroyed when it comes in contact with water

Best choice: Copper

Why copper is the best choice:

It conducts heat very efficiently, so water will boil quickly
It is malleable, so it can be easily shaped into a pan
It doesn’t rust like iron does
It is durable and lasts for a long time
It heats evenly, so there are no hot spots that might burn food

Answer: Copper is the best material for making a pan to boil water because of its excellent heat conduction, malleability for shaping, and resistance to corrosion.

9. You are provided with three iron nails, each dipped in oil, water, and vinegar. Which iron nail will not rust, and why?

To understand this, we need to remember what causes rusting:

Rusting needs both air (oxygen) and water to happen
If either air or water is missing, rusting won’t occur

Let’s see what happens to each nail:

Nail dipped in oil:

Oil creates a protective layer around the iron nail
This layer prevents both air and water from reaching the iron surface
Without contact with air and water, rusting cannot happen
The nail will remain protected from rust

Nail dipped in water:

Water is present, but air contact is limited
Some rusting might happen slowly at the water surface where air meets water
But rusting will be much slower compared to normal conditions

Nail dipped in vinegar:

Vinegar is acidic in nature
Acids actually speed up the rusting process
The nail will rust faster than normal because acid helps the reaction
This nail will show the most rust

Answer: The iron nail dipped in oil will not rust because oil forms a protective barrier that prevents both air and water from coming in contact with the iron, and both air and water are essential for rusting to occur.

10. How do the different properties of metals and non-metals determine their uses in everyday life?

The properties of materials directly decide how we can use them. Let’s see how each property affects the uses:

Uses based on metal properties:

Malleability and Ductility:

Aluminium can be beaten into thin sheets, so it’s used for making foils and utensils
Copper can be drawn into wires, so it’s used for electrical wiring
Gold is very malleable and ductile, so it’s perfect for making jewelry
Iron can be shaped, so it’s used for making tools and car parts

Conductivity:

Copper conducts electricity well, so electrical wires are made from it
Aluminium and iron conduct heat well, so cooking vessels are made from them
Steel (iron + carbon) is used in construction because it’s strong and conducts heat

Lustre:

Gold and silver shine naturally, making them perfect for jewelry and decorative items
The shiny appearance makes metal objects look attractive

Strength:

Iron and steel are strong, so they’re used in construction of buildings and bridges
Tools like hammers and axes are made from metals because they’re strong

Uses based on non-metal properties:

Non-conductivity:

Plastic doesn’t conduct electricity, so it’s used for insulation in electrical devices
Rubber doesn’t conduct electricity, so electricians wear rubber gloves for safety
Wood doesn’t conduct heat well, so utensil handles are made from wood

Chemical properties:

Oxygen supports life, so it’s essential for all living organisms
Nitrogen helps plants grow, so it’s used in fertilizers
Chlorine kills germs, so it’s used for water purification

Special properties:

Iodine has antiseptic properties, so it’s used for treating wounds
Carbon forms the basis of all organic compounds in living things

Answer: Metals’ malleability, ductility, conductivity, lustre, and strength make them suitable for utensils, wires, jewelry, and construction. Non-metals’ non-conductivity, chemical properties, and biological roles make them essential for insulation, respiration, fertilizers, purification, and life processes.

11. One of the methods of protecting iron from getting rusted is to put a thin coating of zinc metal over it. Since sulfur does not react with water, can it be used for this purpose? Justify your answer.

This is a very good question about rust prevention. Let’s understand why zinc works and whether sulphur can replace it.

How zinc coating (galvanisation) works:

Zinc forms a protective layer over iron
This layer acts as a barrier between iron and air/water
Even if the zinc layer gets scratched, zinc reacts with air instead of iron
Zinc sacrifices itself to protect iron from rusting
Zinc is also a metal, so it sticks well to iron

Why sulphur cannot be used:

Physical problems with sulphur:

Sulphur is brittle and breaks easily
It cannot form a strong, durable coating like zinc
Any coating of sulphur would crack and fall off quickly
Brittle materials don’t make good protective coatings

Chemical problems with sulphur:

Sulphur is a non-metal, not a metal like zinc
It doesn’t have the same protective electrochemical properties as zinc
When sulphur reacts with air, it forms sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide forms acidic solutions that can actually harm iron
Acids speed up rusting rather than preventing it

Adhesion problems:

Metals stick better to other metals
Sulphur, being a non-metal, won’t adhere properly to iron
The coating would not be uniform or long-lasting

Answer: Sulphur cannot replace zinc for protecting iron from rusting because it is brittle and cannot form durable coatings, lacks the protective electrochemical properties of metals, and may form harmful acidic compounds that could actually increase rusting, unlike the protective zinc coating.

12. An ironsmith heats iron before making tools. Why is heating necessary in this process?

When an ironsmith makes tools, he always heats the iron first. This is not just a tradition – there are scientific reasons for this.

What happens when iron is heated:

Iron becomes much softer when heated to high temperatures
The high temperature makes iron more malleable
Hot iron can be easily shaped and molded
The metal becomes flexible and responds to hammering

Why heating is necessary:

Cold iron is very hard and difficult to shape
If you try to hammer cold iron, it won’t change shape easily
You might even break your hammer trying to shape cold iron
Cold iron is too rigid to make into complex tool shapes

What the ironsmith can do with hot iron:

Shape it into different tool forms like axes, sickles, and knives
Bend it into required angles and curves
Make holes and grooves as needed
Create the fine details that make tools effective

The process:

The ironsmith heats iron in a furnace using coal or other fuel
When iron becomes red hot, it’s ready for shaping
He then uses hammers and other tools to give it the desired shape
After shaping, the iron is allowed to cool down, becoming hard again

Answer: Heating is necessary because it makes iron soft and malleable, allowing the ironsmith to easily shape it into tools through hammering. Cold iron is too hard and rigid to be shaped effectively.

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