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In economics, the inputs used in production process are classified into four main types that work together to create goods and services. These factors include land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship, with technology serving as an imp facilitator. These notes will study each factor in detail, their characteristics, interconnections, and responsibilities towards sustainable production. Factors of

The parliamentary system in India is based on democratic principles where people elect their representatives to make laws and run the government. This system has two main parts – the legislature that makes laws and the executive that implements them. These notes will study how Parliament works, its structure, functions, and the relationship between different

Universal adult franchise is the cornerstone of Indian democracy that gives every citizen aged 18 and above the right to vote. This system ensures that all Indians can participate equally in choosing their representatives and shaping the country’s future. These notes will study all aspects of India’s electoral system, from voting rights to election processes

The colonial time in India began when European countries came for trade and slowly took control. This changed India’s trade, culture, and ruling ways a lot, with Britain becoming the main power. In these notes, we will study how Europeans came, their plans, and what effects they had on India. European Age of Colonialism The

The Marathas rose as a strong force in Indian history during medieval times, changing the power balance in many parts of the country. They came from the Deccan area and built a big empire through smart fights and good ruling. This notes will study their origins, leaders like Shivaji, and how they grew big before

The medieval period in Indian history from the 11th to 17th centuries witnessed dramatic changes in the political landscape. This era saw the rise and fall of powerful empires, foreign invasions, and the establishment of new dynasties that fundamentally transformed India’s political map. These changes brought both challenges and opportunities that shaped the course of

Natural resources are the foundation of human civilization and play a crucial role in our daily lives. Understanding natural resources helps us appreciate our relationship with the environment and develop responsible practices for future generations. Definition of Nature and Resources Nature includes all life and non-life forms in our environment that are not created by